8+ NHL Hockey Team Colors: Guide & Chart


8+ NHL Hockey Team Colors: Guide & Chart

Every Nationwide Hockey League franchise makes use of a novel coloration scheme, usually drawing inspiration from native symbolism, historic precedents, or regional attributes. These palettes, comprising main, secondary, and typically tertiary colours, visually distinguish groups on the ice and prolong to their branding throughout merchandise, advertising and marketing supplies, and area aesthetics. As an illustration, the Montreal Canadiens make the most of a mix of purple, white, and blue, reflecting the colours of the Canadian flag and the town’s French heritage.

Workforce colours play a vital function in establishing model identification and fostering fan loyalty. They develop into immediately recognizable symbols, evoking a way of belonging and custom for supporters. Traditionally, coloration selections additionally served a sensible goal, facilitating simpler differentiation of opposing groups on the ice earlier than the arrival of high-definition broadcasts. This visible distinction stays important, contributing to the general spectacle and pleasure of the sport. The evolution of those coloration schemes over time offers an interesting glimpse into the historical past and growth of particular person franchises and the league itself.

This exploration delves into the precise coloration palettes of every NHL staff, offering detailed insights into their origins, evolution, and cultural significance. It additional examines the broader influence of those chromatic selections on the game, from fan engagement and merchandise design to the general visible expertise {of professional} hockey.

1. Historic Significance

A staff’s coloration scheme usually displays its historic context, providing insights into the franchise’s origins, evolution, and connection to its metropolis or area. Understanding this historic significance offers a deeper appreciation for the symbolism embedded inside these coloration selections.

  • Authentic Affiliations and League Historical past

    Early NHL groups incessantly adopted colours related to novice or skilled golf equipment that preceded them. The Montreal Canadiens’ colours, as an example, have hyperlinks to their predecessors and incorporate the blue, white, and purple of the Montreal Newbie Athletic Affiliation. These connections set up a way of continuity and custom, linking the current franchise to its historic roots throughout the broader sporting panorama.

  • Regional Symbolism and Civic Satisfaction

    Workforce colours incessantly draw inspiration from native flags, symbols, or historic occasions. The Calgary Flames’ use of purple and gold echoes the colours of the town’s flag, whereas the Boston Bruins’ black and gold pay homage to the town’s historic affiliation with these colours. These selections foster a way of civic delight and join the staff to the local people.

  • Evolution of Colour Palettes Over Time

    Many groups have modified their coloration schemes all through their historical past, reflecting altering aesthetics, possession, or advertising and marketing methods. The Detroit Purple Wings, for instance, initially integrated white into their uniforms earlier than transitioning to the predominantly purple and white scheme acknowledged in the present day. Finding out these adjustments offers priceless perception into the evolution of particular person franchises and the league as an entire.

  • Influence of Historic Occasions and Rivalries

    Important occasions, rivalries, or durations of success can even affect coloration selections or their interpretations. Whereas not at all times explicitly acknowledged, sure coloration associations could develop over time, including layers of that means to a staff’s visible identification. This evolution demonstrates how historic context continues to form the symbolism and significance of staff colours.

By analyzing the historic significance of NHL staff colours, one positive factors a deeper appreciation for the wealthy tapestry of custom, regional identification, and evolving aesthetics woven into the material of the league. These colours transcend mere aesthetics, turning into highly effective symbols that join followers to their groups and supply a visible narrative of the game’s historical past.

2. Regional Influences

Regional influences play a major function in shaping the colour palettes of NHL groups. These influences mirror a want to attach with native communities, have a good time regional symbolism, and honor the distinctive traits of a staff’s geographic location. Analyzing these connections offers priceless insights into the cultural context surrounding every franchise.

  • Geographic Options and Landscapes

    Groups usually incorporate colours impressed by the pure atmosphere surrounding their metropolis. The Colorado Avalanche’s burgundy and blue evoke the state’s mountainous terrain and clear skies, whereas the San Jose Sharks’ teal, gray, and black characterize the Pacific Ocean and the depths of the ocean. These coloration selections create a visible hyperlink between the staff and its geographic setting.

  • Native Historical past and Cultural Traditions

    Regional historical past and cultural traditions usually encourage coloration picks. The Arizona Coyotes’ use of desert sand and brick purple displays the state’s southwestern heritage, whereas the Winnipeg Jets’ navy blue, gentle blue, and silver draw inspiration from the Royal Canadian Air Drive, reflecting the town’s aviation historical past. These connections deepen the staff’s resonance inside its neighborhood.

  • Current Sports activities Groups and Colour Associations

    In some circumstances, NHL staff colours align with established coloration schemes of different outstanding native sports activities franchises, creating a way of visible continuity inside a metropolis’s sporting panorama. This may foster a broader sense of civic delight and shared identification amongst followers. Whereas not at all times intentional, these parallel coloration selections can strengthen the general sports activities identification of a area.

  • Flags, Symbols, and Civic Iconography

    Many groups incorporate colours present in native flags, civic symbols, or different iconographic parts. The Edmonton Oilers’ orange and blue mirror the colours of Alberta’s provincial flag, whereas the Washington Capitals’ purple, white, and blue echo the colours of the USA flag and the District of Columbia’s flag. These selections create a direct visible connection between the staff and its civic identification.

By incorporating regional influences into their coloration schemes, NHL groups set up stronger ties with their native communities, have a good time their geographic location, and embed deeper that means into their visible identities. These regional connections contribute to the wealthy tapestry of the league, reflecting the varied cultural panorama of North America and the distinctive character of every franchise.

3. Branding and Advertising and marketing

Workforce colours are basic to branding and advertising and marketing throughout the NHL. They function the muse for visible identification, impacting merchandise gross sales, advertising and marketing campaigns, and total model recognition. Efficient use of coloration schemes creates a cohesive model expertise that resonates with followers and strengthens staff loyalty. The Vegas Golden Knights, as an example, leveraged their distinctive gold and metal gray coloration scheme to rapidly set up a powerful model presence in a brand new market. This profitable branding technique underscores the significance of distinctive coloration selections in constructing a recognizable and marketable staff identification.

The constant utility of staff colours throughout numerous touchpointsfrom jerseys and attire to digital platforms and area signagereinforces model recognition. This consistency creates a unified visible language that strengthens the staff’s presence within the minds of shoppers. Furthermore, coloration schemes can affect buying selections. Followers are drawn to merchandise that prominently options their staff’s colours, creating a major income stream for the league and its franchises. Understanding the psychological influence of coloration on client habits is essential for efficient advertising and marketing methods. For instance, the colourful blue and orange of the New York Islanders evoke robust feelings and contribute to the staff’s marketability.

Efficient branding and advertising and marketing methods capitalize on the emotional connection followers have with their staff’s colours. These colours develop into synonymous with the staff itself, representing its historical past, values, and neighborhood. This deep-rooted affiliation enhances model loyalty and drives fan engagement. Nonetheless, managing model identification by coloration requires cautious consideration. Adjustments to a staff’s coloration scheme might be met with resistance from followers who strongly establish with the present colours. Balancing the necessity for model evolution with the preservation of custom presents an ongoing problem for NHL franchises. Efficiently navigating this problem requires a deep understanding of the importance of staff colours throughout the broader context of branding, advertising and marketing, and fan engagement.

4. Psychological Influence

Colour psychology performs a major function within the notion and influence of NHL staff colours. These colours evoke particular feelings and associations, influencing fan habits, participant efficiency, and total perceptions of the groups. Understanding these psychological results offers priceless perception into the complicated relationship between coloration and the game.

  • Aggression and Arousal

    Colours like purple and black are sometimes related to aggression, dominance, and heightened arousal. Groups using these colours, such because the Detroit Purple Wings or the Chicago Blackhawks, could also be perceived as extra intimidating or highly effective. This notion can influence each participant psychology and opponent reactions, probably influencing sport dynamics. Analysis means that publicity to purple can enhance coronary heart price and adrenaline ranges, probably impacting efficiency in aggressive settings.

  • Calmness and Focus

    Cooler colours like blue and inexperienced are sometimes related to calmness, focus, and stability. Groups using these colours, such because the Toronto Maple Leafs or the Dallas Stars, could venture a picture of composure and management. These colours may contribute to a way of calm and focus amongst gamers, probably benefiting efficiency in high-pressure conditions. The usage of blue particularly is usually linked to emotions of belief and reliability.

  • Workforce Id and Fan Loyalty

    Workforce colours develop into deeply ingrained in fan identification and loyalty. Followers develop robust emotional attachments to their staff’s colours, associating them with shared experiences, neighborhood, and a way of belonging. These colours develop into highly effective symbols that evoke emotions of delight, pleasure, and connection. The constant use of staff colours in merchandise and branding reinforces this emotional bond and strengthens fan loyalty.

  • Visible Notion and On-Ice Efficiency

    The distinction between staff colours on the ice influences visible notion and may influence participant efficiency. Clear visible differentiation between groups is essential for fast decision-making and efficient gameplay. The NHL’s tips on uniform colours mirror this consideration, guaranteeing sufficient distinction to optimize visibility and decrease potential confusion throughout fast-paced motion.

The psychological influence of NHL staff colours extends past mere aesthetics. These colours affect fan perceptions, participant psychology, and the general ambiance of the sport. Understanding these complicated interactions offers priceless insights into the highly effective function coloration performs in shaping the expertise and dynamics {of professional} hockey. Additional analysis exploring the precise results of various coloration combos on participant efficiency and fan habits might improve understanding of this dynamic interaction.

5. On-Ice Visibility

On-ice visibility is a vital issue influencing the choice and utility of NHL hockey staff colours. Clear visible distinction between opposing groups is crucial for participant efficiency, officiating accuracy, and spectator engagement. Colour selections should facilitate fast identification of gamers amidst fast-paced motion, guaranteeing the graceful stream of gameplay and enhancing the general viewing expertise. This consideration has considerably impacted league laws relating to uniform design and coloration palettes.

  • Distinction and Differentiation

    Maximizing distinction between opposing staff colours is paramount. Enough distinction allows gamers to rapidly distinguish teammates from opponents, facilitating correct passing, defensive positioning, and offensive methods. The league mandates distinct gentle and darkish jerseys for dwelling and away video games to boost this distinction. For instance, a staff carrying darkish blue jerseys will face an opponent carrying white or light-colored jerseys. This distinction is essential for split-second selections on the ice, the place milliseconds can decide the result of a play.

  • Colour Blindness Concerns

    The NHL more and more considers coloration blindness when evaluating staff colours and uniform designs. Sure coloration combos, resembling purple and inexperienced, might be tough for people with coloration imaginative and prescient deficiencies to differentiate. The league strives to reduce the usage of such combos to make sure all gamers and officers can successfully differentiate groups. This inclusivity enhances the equity and integrity of the sport. Latest uniform adjustments mirror this rising consciousness and dedication to accessibility.

  • Influence of Lighting and Ice Circumstances

    Area lighting and ice circumstances affect the notion of staff colours. Vibrant lighting can wash out sure colours, whereas shadows and reflections on the ice floor can alter coloration notion. Groups should think about these elements when choosing colours to make sure optimum visibility below numerous sport circumstances. The constant white ice floor offers a impartial backdrop in opposition to which staff colours are extra simply discernible, contributing to total visible readability.

  • Evolution of Uniform Know-how and Design

    Developments in uniform know-how and design have impacted on-ice visibility. Fashionable supplies and manufacturing strategies permit for extra vibrant and sturdy colours, additional enhancing differentiation between groups. The evolution of jersey designs, incorporating bolder coloration blocking and contrasting trim, additionally contributes to improved visibility. These developments mirror the continuing effort to optimize participant efficiency and spectator expertise by strategic use of coloration.

On-ice visibility stays a vital issue within the ongoing evolution of NHL staff colours and uniform design. Balancing aesthetic attraction with sensible issues ensures the sport stays participating for spectators whereas facilitating optimum efficiency for gamers. The interaction between coloration selections, league laws, and technological developments continues to form the visible panorama {of professional} hockey, contributing to the dynamism and pleasure of the game.

6. Evolution Over Time

The evolution of NHL staff colours displays a posh interaction of historic occasions, altering aesthetics, advertising and marketing methods, and league laws. Analyzing these adjustments offers priceless insights into the event of particular person franchises, the shifting visible panorama of the league, and the enduring significance of coloration in skilled hockey. Tracing these evolutions reveals how coloration palettes have tailored to mirror broader cultural tendencies and the dynamic nature of the game itself. For instance, the Minnesota Wild’s unique forest inexperienced and iron vary purple scheme, referencing the state’s pure assets and hockey historical past, exemplifies the deliberate use of coloration to attach with regional identification. Conversely, the rebranding of the Atlanta Thrashers to the Winnipeg Jets noticed a shift to a coloration scheme impressed by the Royal Canadian Air Drive, demonstrating how relocation and a renewed sense of neighborhood can drive coloration evolution.

A number of elements contribute to paint evolution. Early NHL groups usually adopted colours from predecessor golf equipment or integrated native symbolism, establishing a basis for subsequent adjustments. Because the league expanded and broadcast know-how superior, the necessity for higher on-ice visibility influenced coloration selections, resulting in extra distinct and contrasting palettes. Merchandising and advertising and marketing issues additionally play a task, as groups search to create visually interesting and marketable model identities by their coloration schemes. The shift from easier, two-color palettes to extra complicated combos involving a number of shades and accent colours displays this industrial affect. Moreover, adjustments in possession, relocations, or efforts to revitalize a staff’s picture can immediate important coloration overhauls. The Carolina Hurricanes’ shift from a predominantly black and silver palette to incorporating purple and emphasizing their hurricane flag emblem illustrates such a rebranding technique.

Understanding the evolution of NHL staff colours offers a deeper appreciation for the dynamic relationship between coloration and the game. These adjustments usually are not merely beauty; they mirror the historical past, tradition, and evolving identification of every franchise and the league as an entire. Finding out these evolutions provides priceless insights into the broader tendencies influencing skilled sports activities branding and the enduring energy of coloration in shaping fan notion, staff identification, and the general spectacle of hockey. Analyzing how these adjustments have impacted fan reception and staff efficiency offers a wealthy space for additional exploration. This historic perspective enriches understanding of the present-day significance of staff colours and their function within the ongoing narrative of the NHL.

7. Fan Identification

Workforce colours function highly effective symbols of fan identification throughout the NHL. These colours transcend mere aesthetics, turning into deeply ingrained within the tradition and traditions surrounding every franchise. They characterize a visible shorthand for staff loyalty, neighborhood, and shared ardour for the game. Understanding the multifaceted connection between fan identification and staff colours offers priceless perception into the sociological dynamics {of professional} hockey and the passionate engagement of its fanbase.

  • Visible Markers of Belonging

    Workforce colours operate as fast visible markers of fan belonging. Carrying jerseys, hats, and different attire displaying staff colours signifies membership inside a particular fan neighborhood. This seen demonstration of allegiance fosters a way of unity and shared identification amongst followers, each inside arenas and in on a regular basis life. The ocean of blue and white at a Toronto Maple Leafs sport or the colourful purple at a Detroit Purple Wings sport exemplifies this visible illustration of collective fan identification.

  • Emotional Connection and Shared Experiences

    Followers develop robust emotional connections to their staff’s colours, associating them with cherished recollections, shared experiences, and a way of collective historical past. These colours develop into imbued with the emotional weight of victories, defeats, and the continuing narrative of the staff’s journey. The colours themselves evoke highly effective emotions of delight, nostalgia, and connection to the staff and its neighborhood. Witnessing a Stanley Cup victory in staff colours creates an indelible reminiscence linked to that particular coloration scheme.

  • Rituals and Traditions

    Workforce colours usually play a central function in fan rituals and traditions. From pre-game gatherings the place followers don their staff colours to coordinated chants and cheers throughout video games, these colours develop into integral to the shared rituals that outline the fan expertise. These traditions reinforce the sense of neighborhood and belonging related to supporting a particular staff. The “whiteout” custom of Winnipeg Jets followers, the place followers put on white apparel to playoff video games, demonstrates the highly effective function of coloration in collective fan rituals.

  • Intergenerational Connections and Legacy

    Workforce colours facilitate intergenerational connections and the passing down of fan traditions inside households and communities. Kids usually inherit their allegiance to a staff and its colours from mother and father or grandparents, creating a way of continuity and shared legacy. These colours develop into a tangible hyperlink between generations of followers, representing a shared ardour for the game and a connection to a particular staff’s historical past. The passing down of a cherished jersey in staff colours symbolizes this intergenerational connection and the enduring energy of staff loyalty.

The connection between fan identification and NHL staff colours underscores the profound function of coloration in shaping the social dynamics {of professional} sports activities. These colours usually are not merely aesthetic selections; they characterize highly effective symbols of belonging, shared identification, and emotional connection. They facilitate the creation of vibrant fan communities and contribute to the wealthy tapestry of traditions that outline the NHL expertise. Additional exploration into the precise methods followers make the most of staff colours to precise their loyalty and join with their groups would supply even deeper perception into this complicated relationship.

8. Merchandise Design

Merchandise design within the NHL depends closely on staff colours to determine model recognition and drive client attraction. These colours operate as the first visible identifier, immediately connecting merchandise to a particular staff and its fanbase. This connection is essential for driving gross sales and reinforcing fan loyalty. Efficient merchandise design leverages the emotional resonance followers have with staff colours, reworking on a regular basis gadgets into symbols of staff affiliation and shared identification. As an illustration, the Vegas Golden Knights’ distinctive gold and metal gray coloration scheme is prominently featured on merchandise starting from attire to equipment, solidifying model recognition in a comparatively new market. The fast visible influence of those colours contributes considerably to merchandise gross sales and reinforces fan reference to the staff.

The strategic use of staff colours in merchandise design extends past merely making use of the first coloration scheme. Designers think about coloration psychology, incorporating accent colours and ranging shades to create visually interesting and emotionally resonant merchandise. The selection of supplies, printing strategies, and the location of logos and graphics are all influenced by the staff’s coloration palette. A profitable merchandise design harmonizes these parts to create a cohesive and fascinating product that appeals to followers. The Boston Bruins’ use of black and gold, mixed with their iconic spoked-B emblem, creates a powerful visible identification that interprets successfully throughout a various vary of merchandise, demonstrating the synergistic relationship between coloration, emblem design, and model recognition. Understanding fan preferences and buying habits associated to particular coloration combos is essential for maximizing market attraction and driving gross sales.

Efficient merchandise design serves as a vital extension of a staff’s model identification, solidifying its visible presence and producing income. The strategic utility of staff colours in merchandise creates a robust visible language that resonates with followers, strengthens their connection to the staff, and contributes to the general industrial success of the NHL. Nonetheless, navigating evolving design tendencies whereas sustaining the core parts of a staff’s visible identification presents an ongoing problem. Balancing innovation with custom requires cautious consideration of fan expectations and the enduring symbolic energy of staff colours. Efficiently addressing this problem ensures the continued relevance and attraction of NHL merchandise for devoted followers whereas attracting new followers to the game.

Continuously Requested Questions on NHL Workforce Colours

This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to the choice, evolution, and significance of Nationwide Hockey League staff colours. Understanding these facets offers a deeper appreciation for the function coloration performs within the sport’s visible identification and cultural influence.

Query 1: Why do some groups have a number of jersey designs?

Many groups make the most of a number of jersey designshome, away, and alternateto present visible selection, honor historic aesthetics, or supply distinctive merchandising choices. League laws mandate distinct dwelling and away jerseys for distinction. Alternate jerseys usually commemorate particular occasions or have a good time staff historical past.

Query 2: How usually do groups change their main colours?

Adjustments to main staff colours are rare as a result of their deep reference to fan identification and model recognition. Such adjustments sometimes happen throughout rebranding efforts, relocations, or important anniversaries. Minor changes to shades or accent colours are extra frequent.

Query 3: What function does coloration psychology play in staff branding?

Colour psychology influences perceptions of staff identification. Colours evoke particular feelings and associations, impacting fan habits and probably influencing participant psychology. Groups could choose colours to venture energy, aggression, calmness, or different desired attributes.

Query 4: Are there any restrictions on coloration combos throughout the NHL?

The NHL mandates ample distinction between opposing staff uniforms for on-ice visibility. This primarily impacts the number of dwelling and away jersey colours. Concerns for coloration blindness additionally affect coloration selections, selling inclusivity and truthful play.

Query 5: How do regional influences influence staff coloration selections?

Regional influences, together with geographic options, native historical past, cultural traditions, and present sports activities groups, incessantly encourage staff coloration picks. These connections foster civic delight and strengthen ties between the staff and its neighborhood.

Query 6: The place can one discover correct representations of present NHL staff colours?

Official staff web sites, the NHL’s official web site, and respected sports activities media retailers present correct representations of present staff colours. These assets usually embrace detailed details about coloration palettes, uniform designs, and historic coloration evolution.

Understanding the nuances of NHL staff colours enhances appreciation for the strategic and symbolic significance of those selections. These colours usually are not merely aesthetic parts; they characterize the historical past, identification, and cultural influence of every franchise throughout the broader context {of professional} hockey.

Additional exploration of particular staff coloration histories and the evolution of uniform design throughout the NHL offers a richer understanding of the visible narrative of the game.

Leveraging NHL Workforce Colours for Efficient Engagement

Understanding the importance and influence of NHL staff colours offers priceless insights for enhancing fan engagement, creating compelling advertising and marketing campaigns, and appreciating the wealthy visible historical past of the game. The following tips supply sensible steerage on successfully using staff colours to maximise influence and join with the passionate hockey fanbase.

Tip 1: Respect the Custom.
Acknowledge the historic and cultural significance embedded inside every staff’s coloration scheme. Keep away from trivializing or misrepresenting these colours. Respecting the custom related to these colours demonstrates an understanding of their significance to the followers and the franchise.

Tip 2: Prioritize On-Ice Visibility.
When designing attire or creating visible content material associated to NHL groups, prioritize on-ice visibility. Guarantee ample distinction between opposing staff colours to facilitate clear differentiation for gamers, officers, and spectators. Think about the influence of lighting circumstances and potential coloration blindness points.

Tip 3: Preserve Consistency in Branding.
Constant utility of staff colours throughout numerous platforms and merchandise reinforces model recognition and strengthens fan affiliation. Preserve a unified visible language to create a cohesive model expertise.

Tip 4: Leverage Colour Psychology.
Make the most of coloration psychology ideas to evoke desired feelings and associations. Perceive the psychological influence of various colours and apply this information strategically in advertising and marketing campaigns and merchandise design. Think about the connotations of colours like purple (power, ardour), blue (belief, stability), and black (energy, sophistication).

Tip 5: Have interaction Authentically with Followers.
When participating with followers, reveal an genuine appreciation for the importance of staff colours. Acknowledge the emotional connection followers have with these colours and incorporate them respectfully into fan-focused initiatives. Genuine engagement strengthens fan loyalty and fosters a way of neighborhood.

Tip 6: Analysis Historic Context.
Delving into the historic context of staff coloration selections offers a richer understanding of their evolution and significance. This information enhances appreciation for the staff’s visible identification and allows extra knowledgeable decision-making relating to coloration utility.

Tip 7: Think about Accessibility in Design.
Incorporate accessibility issues into design selections associated to staff colours. Guarantee ample distinction for people with visible impairments and keep away from coloration combos that pose challenges for these with coloration blindness. Inclusive design practices reveal a dedication to accessibility and broaden attain.

By understanding and making use of the following tips, one can successfully leverage the facility of NHL staff colours to boost fan engagement, create impactful advertising and marketing campaigns, and contribute to the wealthy visible tapestry of the game. Respectful and knowledgeable use of those colours strengthens the connection between groups, gamers, and their passionate fanbase.

The strategic utility of coloration throughout the NHL contributes considerably to the general fan expertise and the enduring attraction {of professional} hockey. By recognizing the multifaceted significance of staff colours, one positive factors a deeper appreciation for the visible narrative of the game and its influence on the broader cultural panorama.

NHL Hockey Workforce Colours

This exploration has examined the multifaceted significance of NHL hockey staff colours, transferring past mere aesthetics to delve into their historic context, regional influences, branding implications, psychological influence, and function in fan identification. Colour selections throughout the league mirror a posh interaction of custom, advertising and marketing technique, and the sensible calls for of on-ice visibility. From the colourful hues of unique six franchises to the fastidiously thought of palettes of enlargement groups, these colours characterize highly effective symbols of neighborhood, rivalry, and the enduring ardour surrounding skilled hockey.

The evolution of NHL staff colours offers a visible narrative of the game’s progress and transformation. These colours embody the spirit of every franchise, connecting gamers and followers throughout generations. Because the league continues to evolve, understanding the historic and cultural significance of those coloration schemes will stay essential for fostering significant connections with followers, constructing robust model identities, and preserving the wealthy legacy of the NHL. Continued examination of the dynamic interaction between coloration, sport, and tradition guarantees additional insights into the enduring energy of visible symbolism on the planet {of professional} hockey.